This image shows a triple stain of vasculature, glia cells, and plaques in the brain.
Credit: Dr. Thomas Liebmann, The Rockefeller University

Rockefeller University researchers have used a recently-developed imaging technique that makes tissue transparent to visualize brain tissue from deceased patients with Alzheimer's disease, exposing nonrandom, higher-order structures of beta amyloid plaques--sticky clumps of a toxic protein typically found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. The findings appear July 14 in Cell Reports.

"Until now, we've been studying the brain using 2D slices; and I've always felt that was inadequate, because it's a complex, 3D structure with many interlocking components," says senior author Marc Flajolet, an assistant professor in the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience at The Rockefeller University. "Not only was slicing time consuming and 3D reconstruction laborious when not erroneous, it gave us a limited view. We needed some way to look at this 3D structure in all of its dimensions without preliminary slicing of the brain."

The researchers wanted to go beyond the traditional 3D brain imaging (e.g., PET or fMRI scans), which show brain activity in a broad way, but have a low resolution overall. To circumvent this, the research team turned to a recently-developed method, called "iDISCO." Here, brains are soaked in a solution that imbue the fats within it with a charge, before being exposed to an electrical field with an opposite charge, which behaves like a magnet, forcing all of the fat out of the brain tissue.

The result, says Flajolet, is a brain that is hard and transparent, almost "like glass," which allowed the researchers to see the amyloid plaques in full detail and in 3D, in a full mouse brain hemisphere, as well as in small blocks of human brain tissue.

"In mouse models, plaques are rather small, homogenous in size and shape, and not grouped in any specific way," says Flajolet. "But in the human brain, we were seeing more heterogeneity, larger plaques and these new, complex patterns." These structures, called TAPs (three dimensional amyloid patterns) may have implications for the future of Alzheimer's disease treatment, he says. By comparing doctor's reports of a patient's symptoms with images of the patient's brain post-mortem, they may be able to classify different categories of Alzheimer's disease.

"There are people with brains full of plaques and no dementia at all," he says, "and there are those with brains free of plaques with many of the symptoms." In light of that, the way that current clinical trials view the disease--namely, that there is one category--might be incorrect, he says. It's possible that current drugs may be beneficial only for a subset of Alzheimer patients, but we have no way to distinguish them at this day.